An Active Female Human Body Model for Simulation of Rear‐End Impact Scenarios

Abstract Whiplash associated disorder (WAD) is a type of injury caused by rear‐end impacts. It painful long‐term the soft tissue in neck, which women suffer from 1.5 to 3 times more often compared men. Progress WAD research difficult, as (i) it occurs at loading level where muscle activity can no longer be neglected, (ii) characteristics play an essential role and (iii) there consensus on mechanism causing WAD. Therefore, computational models human body are most promising method advance understanding Here, improvements boundary initial conditions presented together with discussion its effects head kinematics neck load.